EventExplorer - 2017 Catalan independence referendum

2017 Catalan independence referendum – Cause

Summary

The 2017 Catalan independence referendum was a highly controversial event that sparked a constitutional crisis in Spain . Despite being deemed unconstitutional and illegal, the referendum went ahead on October 1, 2017 . The Catalan government claimed that 90% of voters chose independence , which they believe gives them the right to separate from Spain . The referendum has caused tension and division within Catalonia and has been a subject of international interest . The underlying cause of the referendum was the desire for independence from Spain .

Metadata

Time range: Sep 25, 2017 – Oct 03, 2017
Subjects: Catalan independence, referendum, secession, autonomy, protests, violence
Locations: Catalonia, Spain

Timeline

Start

Sep 25, 2017

Spanish authorities attempt to block the Catalan independence referendum scheduled for October 1, 2017.

Sep 30, 2017

Tensions rise in Catalonia as the referendum approaches.

Oct 01, 2017

Catalonia holds a referendum on independence, with 90% of voters choosing independence.

Oct 02, 2017

Catalan officials announce that 90% of voters chose independence in the referendum.

Oct 03, 2017

Questions arise about the legitimacy of the referendum, as it is deemed to have violated voting regulations.

Apr 21, 2024

The 2017 Catalan independence referendum is cited as the cause of the 2017-2018 Spanish constitutional crisis.

End

Top Websites

[1] (PDF) 'The Catalan Independence Referendum: An Assessment of the ...

2017).The Catalan case shows that a change in popular support for independence does not necessarily require the wholesale abolishment of autonomy, or even the unequivocal reduction of devolved powers.

[2] 2017–2018 Spanish constitutional crisis - Wikipedia

Caused by: Government of Catalonia's refusal to abide by the Constitutional Court's suspension of the 2017 Catalan independence referendum.; Catalan independence movement.; Methods: Protests, demonstrations, civil disobedience, civil resistance, civil disorder (rioting, vandalism, occupations), general strikes: Resulted in: Direct rule enforced for six months.

[3] Catalonia referendum: 90% voted for independence, say officials – as it ...

Summary. 2 Oct 2017. 90% voted for independence - Catalan officials. 1 Oct 2017. Evening summary. 1 Oct 2017. Catalonia has 'earned right to statehood' 1 Oct 2017. No referendum has...

[4] Referendum 2017: What is Catalonia? - Political Geography Now

But after pro-independence parties retained their combined parliamentary majority in 2015, the regional government set out to separate from Spain once and for all. A serious, uncompromising independence referendum was eventually scheduled for October 1, 2017, in open defiance of the Spanish government and courts. Now, the Catalan administration is struggling to make sure the vote is still held ...

[5] Catalonia referendum: 90% voted for independence, say officials – as it ...

Summary. 1 Oct 2017. 90% voted for independence - Catalan officials. 1 Oct 2017. Evening summary. 1 Oct 2017. Catalonia has 'earned right to statehood' 1 Oct 2017. No referendum has...

[6] Catalonia referendum result poses crisis for Spain | CNN

The Catalan government said it earned the right to independence from Spain after a contested referendum exploded into violence Sunday.

[7] Catalan independence: Did the referendum comply with basic voting ...

The Catalan independence referendum, which was banned by the courts for being unconstitutional, is in infringement of all minimum voting regulations. One major issue is the fact that 45 minutes prior to the start of the vote, many of the rules of the game had been changed.

[8] Opinion divided by the Catalan referendum | Letters

Whatever the merits or otherwise of Catalan independence, Sunday’s referendum was unquestionably illegal, unconstitutional and illegitimate by every relevant national, European and international ...

[9] Catalonia riven with tension as referendum day arrives

Last modified on Mon 4 Dec 2017 09.47 EST. Catalonia was tense this weekend ahead of an independence referendum that has divided Spain. At the final rally, the Catalan president, Carles Puigdemont ...

[10] Catalan Independence Referendum 2017: Why It Is Important | TIME

By Tara John. September 25, 2017 12:08 PM EDT. Spanish authorities are racing to block Catalonia secessionists from carrying out an independence referendum currently scheduled for Oct. 1. So far ...

More Websites

Spain’s Reaction to Referendum Feeds Catalan Fire for Independence

October 1 witnessed scenes of brutality on the streets of Barcelona as Spanish police tried to stop people from voting in a referendum on Catalan independence called by the Catalan autonomous government, graphically demonstrating the inability of Spain’s political actors to find a political solution to Catalan demands for either great autonomy or independence.

Catalan referendum: Region's independence 'in matter of days' - BBC

4 October 2017. Carles Puigdemont spoke to the BBC on Tuesday evening. Catalonia will declare independence from Spain in a matter of days, the leader of the autonomous region has told the BBC. In ...

Thousands protest and strike over Catalonia referendum violence

The regional government said 2.26 million people had taken part in the poll, or just over 42% of the electorate. But any attempt to unilaterally declare independence is likely to be opposed not ...

Violence against Catalan voters: what we know so far

The Catalan health ministry says at least 700 people have been injured during voting, and attempts to vote, in the referendum on the region’s independence. The two most seriously injured are in ...

Why the referendum on Catalan independence is illegal

The Economist explains. Why the referendum on Catalan independence is illegal. The decision over the future of Catalonia will ultimately be little more than an unofficial consultation. Sep...

Barcelona attacks: What could they mean for Catalan independence? - BBC

This time Catalonia was attacked, less than two months before its unrecognised referendum on independence. While there is no suggestion Barcelona was targeted for any reason other than being ...

Catalan independence vote: Live updates +++ – DW – 10/01/2017 - dw.com

Catalan officials say 90 percent of voters said "yes" to independence from Spain in a referendum banned by the country's central government. The Catalan leader said the region had "gained the ...

Catalonia and Spain: Will the referendum on independence go ahead?

The Catalan government or Govern is committed to holding a unilateral referendum on independence on 1 October, in defiance of the Spanish state. The process of independence envisaged is often referred to as ‘ruptura’ as if it involved a clean break or a ‘disconnection’, like pulling the plug of an electric cable. But to a greater degree ...

Ripples from Catalan referendum could extend beyond Spain

Surely no one believes the cause of Catalan independence will fade away after Sunday’s bloody confrontations that left hundreds injured. Rajoy’s actions may have ensured, on the contrary, that ...

What you need to know about the Catalan independence referendum

People display Catalonia independence flags during a gathering, Sept. 22, 2017, to protest the judicial and police operation against the planned October 1 independence referendum in Catalonia, Spain.

Catalonia referendum: What just happened? | CNN

Spain is facing political turmoil this week following a contested independence referendum in the region of Catalonia, which descended into violence and left hundreds injured.

Catalonia independence referendum: Final results show 90% backed ...

Catalonia independence referendum: Riot police clash with voters Two women argue with a Spanish National policeman during clashes between Catalan pro-independence people and police forces at the ...

One million Catalans march for independence on region's national day ...

Up to a million Catalans have gathered in Barcelona to call for independence less than three weeks before the region is due to hold a vote on whether to break away from Spain. For the sixth ...

What happened with Catalonia’s vote for independence - PBS

World Oct 4, 2017 1:12 PM EDT. Leaders in Catalonia say voters in the northeast region of Spain overwhelmingly cast ballots for independence from Spain in a Sunday referendum. But the country’s ...

Catalonia after the referendum: independence, Article 155 or dialogue?

October 16, 2017. After the Catalan parliament enacted legislation on Sept. 6 calling for a binding referendum on October 1 to decide whether Catalonia should become “an independent state in the form of a republic,” it was apparent Catalonia and Spain were headed for a constitutional crisis. The legislation stipulated that if the number of ...

Catalan Independence Referendum 2017, where do we stand?

16 votes, 46 comments. I mean both personally and as a party, the most I've seen is a Lib Dem peer in the APPG for Catalonia agree with the message… Advertisement Coins. 0 coins. Premium Powerups Explore Gaming. Valheim Genshin Impact Minecraft Pokimane Halo Infinite Call of Duty: Warzone Path of Exile Hollow Knight: Silksong Escape from Tarkov Watch Dogs: Legion. Sports. NFL NBA Megan ...

Spain is trying to block Catalonia’s independence referendum tomorrow ...

The regional government of Catalonia, one of the wealthiest regions of Spain, plans to hold a referendum on independence from Spain on Sunday. That’s a problem. Spain’s Constitutional Court ...

Catalan independence referendum: Region votes overwhelmingly for ...

Even before the figures were made public, Catalan premier Carles Puigdemont had already hinted strongly at a potential unilateral declaration of independence when he promised the results of the ...

After the Catalan referendum: what happens next?

The Catalan government has said it will make a unilateral declaration of independence from Spain within 48 hours of a victory for the yes campaign. With no minimum turnout threshold for the ...

What’s behind the Catalan movement for independence

After the October 1st referendum, judged illegal by Spain's highest court, Carles Puigdemont, head of Catalonia's autonomous government, declared independence. But he immediately suspended the ...

Catalan Independence Referendum 2017: What It Means for Travelers

On October 1, a referendum on Catalan independence—invoked by the Catalan parliament and condemned by the Spanish government—devolved into chaos and aggression. Ahead of the vote, national ...

Catalonia’s independence vote: What you need to know

October 27, 2017 at 11:36 a.m. EDT. As the Catalan Parliament in Barcelona cast votes for or against independence from Spain, secessionist supporters watched outside and celebrated the outcome....

Spain Sets Stage to Take Control of Catalonia in Independence Fight

The Catalan government has said that 90 percent of those who voted in the referendum supported independence. But Mr. Rajoy’s government and the courts had declared the vote illegal, and the ...

Catalan referendum: preliminary results show 90% in favour of ...

Catalan officials have claimed that preliminary results of its referendum have shown 90% in favour of independence in the vote vehemently opposed by Spain.

Catalonia Government Declares Overwhelming Vote for Independence

BARCELONA, Spain — The Catalan government said on Friday that the official results of last Sunday’s independence referendum showed it had passed overwhelmingly, setting up a potential showdown ...

Catalan independence: EU experts detect rise in pro-Kremlin false ...

The Catalan parliament approves referendum legislation after a heated, 11-hour session that sees 52 opposition MPs walk out of the chamber in Barcelona in protest at the move. Spain’s ...

Catalonia referendum: The fight for independence explained

Monday 2 October 2017 17:28, UK. Thousands of pro-independence demonstrators march in Bilbao 'in solidarity' with Catalonia. Why you can trust Sky News. Catalan president Carles Puigdemont says the region has won the right to become an independent state following a banned referendum that was marred by violent clashes.

Can Catalonia declare independence from Spain? - The Guardian

The regional president, Carles Puigdemont, has repeated his determination to declare independence from Spain days after 90% of participants in a unilateral referendum voted for Catalonia to become ...

After Catalonia declares independence, Spain takes over and sacks the ...

After the Catalan parliament passed legislation calling a binding referendum to decide whether Catalonia should become “an independent state in the form of a republic,” it was clear the Catalan and Spanish governments were headed for a constitutional crisis. The legislation stipulated that if the number voting Yes exceeded the number voting No the parliament would, two days after receiving ...

Catalan nationalism isn’t the progressive cause you might think

The Spanish government argues that any referendum on Catalan independence would be illegal because the country’s 1978 constitution makes no provision for a vote on self-determination.

Spanish court blocks Catalan parliament from declaring independence ...

The Catalan government says that hundreds of people were injured on Sunday after Spanish police attempted to halt the independence referendum by raiding polling stations, beating voters and firing ...

Catalan Independence: What to Know About the Result | TIME

On the face of it, the results of the referendum appear to indicate a strong preference for Catalan independence from Spain. But here’s why that’s unlikely to actually happen.

Why do some Catalans want independence and what is Spain's view?

Polls show 70% of Catalans want to be able to vote in a referendum but they are more evenly divided when it comes to independence. A survey two months ago showed 49.4% of Catalans were against ...

Catalonia parliament approves independence referendum - BBC

Parliament in Spain's restive Catalonia region has approved an independence referendum on 1 October which Madrid has vowed to outlaw. Separatist parties which hold a slim majority backed the ...

Catalonia’s independence: How did it happen? A timeline of key events ...

The Catalan government calls an independence referendum for October 2017. 7 September 2017 . The Spanish constitutional court suspends a referendum law introduced by the Catalan regional ...

Chart: Catalan Referendum: 90% Back Independence | Statista

Oct 2, 2017. Following a contentious referendum marred by violence, Catalan officials have said that 90 percent of those who voted on Sunday favor independence from Spain. Catalan leader Carles ...

Explained: Catalan controversy as independence referendum looms

Published on 29/09/2017 - 11:31. Share this article Comments. Why do Catalans want the referendum now? Do the Catalan people want independence from Spain? They are set to head to the polls...

Catalan campaigners hand out a million referendum ballots

Polls suggest that while Catalans are almost evenly split over the issue of independence, the overwhelming majority of the region’s 7.5 million people would like the matter put to a vote.

Catalonia referendum: 90% voted for independence, say officials – as it ...

Rajoy said Sunday that the rule of law had prevailed in Catalonia because an independence referendum in the region prohibited by the courts had been blocked. “Today there has not been a self ...

Catalan referendum: What’s behind independence push? | CNN

Catalonia is pushing ahead with an independence referendum on October 1, despite Spain’s highest court banning the vote. Here’s what you need to know.

Catalan crisis deepens after day of violence – POLITICO

October 1, 2017 4:48 pm CET. By Diego Torres. BARCELONA — The day of Catalonia’s contested referendum on independence turned into a brutal show of strength, sometimes turning violent, between the central government in Madrid and separatist leaders here in Barcelona. In the wake of a vote that was disrupted by police and marred by clashes ...

Catalonia tourism slumps 15% since referendum violence

Last modified on Thu 7 Dec 2017 06.45 EST. Tourism to Catalonia has slumped by 15% in the two weeks since the region’s controversial referendum on independence, according to industry experts ...

Spain sees Russian interference in Catalonia separatist vote

Madrid believes Russian-based groups used online social media to heavily promote Catalonia's independence referendum last month in an attempt to destabilize Spain, Spanish ministers said on Monday.

893 people now injured in Catalan referendum violence

Catalan referendum: Clashes with police leave nearly 900 injured, says Catalonia government. Local officials condemned 'brutal repression' of the vote, which was banned by Spain

Catalan government says millions will turn out for referendum

The Catalan government has laid out its plans for the referendum on independence from Spain, claiming that more than 7,200 people will staff 2,315 polling stations across the region to stage a ...

Catalans Who Did Not Vote (More Than Half) Ask: What Now?

Oct. 3, 2017. BARCELONA — A tide of emotion has washed over Catalonia in the past few days, over those who demand separation from Spain and those who oppose it. Graffiti has appeared overnight ...

Catalonia’s Independence Referendum, in Photographs

Catalonia, the restive northeastern region that is Spain’s economic powerhouse, attempted to hold an independence referendum on Sunday. The central government in Madrid, with the support of ...

The Guardian view on Catalonia’s referendum: the Spanish state has lost ...

S pain is in crisis, and its prime minister appears to be in denial. The run-up to Sunday’s referendum on independence for Catalonia made it clear that the country was in trouble. But neither ...

Catalan Independence Referendum Turns Violent As Police And ... - NPR

Scenes of chaos and violence unfolded in Catalonia as an independence referendum deemed illegal by Madrid devolved quickly on Sunday. As police followed orders from the central government to put a ...

What Is a Referendum? Who Decides? - National Geographic Education Blog

In addition to Catalonia and Iraqi Kurdistan, eight regions have held major independence referendums in the past 10 years alone: Puerto Rico . In June 2017, Puerto Ricans were asked if they wanted to become a state of the United States, have an independent and free association with the U.S., or maintain their current territorial status. 97% voted for statehood.

Spain's top court blocks Catalan referendum law – DW – 09/07/2017

The region held a first independence referendum in 2014, despite opposition by Madrid, which was won by "yes" campaigners but with a low turnout. Catalan leaders had said the results of any new ...

Evidence of Internet Censorship during Catalonia's Independence Referendum

Image: Catalan Independence Referendum site seized Two days ago, Catalonia held a referendum seeking independence from Spain. As the world awaits to see what happens next, we publish this post to share evidence of recent censorship events that occurred during and leading up to the referendum. We confirm the blocking of at least 25 sites related to the Catalan referendum by means of DNS ...

The referendum in Catalonia, explained | Brookings

Catalonia conducted an unofficial referendum on independence in 2014. Other votes on sovereign status, such as in Puerto Rico this spring, are advisory. The results do not take effect but are ...

Checkmate: The Political and Economic Consequences of Catalonia's ...

Former Catalonian President Carles Puigdemont's determination to hold an independence referendum has led to an historic stalemate in Spain that is threatening political and economic stability, writes Genevieve Frydman. The events following the unconstitutionally-held 1 October referendum in Catalonia are both historic and unprecedented.

Spain’s Constitutional Court strikes down Catalan referendum law

The decision finds that the unprecedented and “arbitrary” way in which the pro-independence majority in the Catalan chamber rammed the bill through without proper debate “committed very serious violations of legislative procedure.”. The entire opposition within the Catalan parliament walked out in protest when the bill was put to the vote.

Catalonia referendum: 90% of voters back independence, Catalan ...

Preliminary results show that 90% of those who voted in Catalonia's independence referendum backed leaving Spain, Catalan officials say. Catalonia's government said that of the 2.2m voters who ...

Elisenda Casanas Adam: The Referendum on Catalonian Independence: The ...

Editors' note: Today we publish two posts on the Catalan referendum held on 1 October. Elisenda Casanas Adam and Javier Garcia Oliva each offer differing perspectives on the process while engaging in a dialogue with one another. It is hoped that these posts will help explain to a UK audience the background to the referendum,…

Catalonia independence declaration: what happens now?

Catalonia's leaders have signed a declaration of independence from Spain. But, Catalan leader Carles Puigdemont has suspended the secession to allow talks with the Spanish Government.. Here's a ...

Catalonia declares independence from Spain - Al Jazeera

27 Oct 2017. Barcelona – The parliament of Catalonia has voted to declare independence from Spain. Seventy legislators voted in favour, 10 voted against, while two cast blank ballots.

Catalan referendum: muted response from EU leaders over police ...

Raül Romeva, Catalonia’s foreign minister, said on Sunday the pro-independence regional government had informed the EU of a “violation of fundamental rights that puts the very EU at risk”.

How Spain Misunderstood the Catalan Independence Movement

The actions of the Spanish government reveal a deep misunderstanding about the psychology of the independence movement. Authorities are attempting to wear down the movement by denying a vote. Our ...

The Catalonia Referendum: 'It's a Constitutional Crisis'

Sunday’s referendum, which saw a turnout rate 10 points higher than a similar vote held in 2014, resulted in an overwhelming 90 percent vote in favor of Catalan independence—though turnout was ...

Catalan independence vote caps 400 years of mistrust | CNN

Catalan independence vote caps four centuries of mistrust. Link Copied! The tensions laid bare between Catalonia and Spain’s federal government over Sunday’s referendum have a long and painful ...

Catalonia independence declaration signed and suspended - BBC

Catalonia's centre-right, centre-left coalition government only had a majority of MPs in the regional parliament with the support of another small pro-independence party, on the far left. That ...

Why Is Catalonia Seeking Independence From Spain? | TIME

The situation first escalated on Oct. 1, when nearly 90% of Catalonian voters backed independence from Spain in a controversial and disputed referendum. Catalonia officials say turnout was...

Catalan independence referendum illegal under Spanish constitution ...

Catalan officials said 90 per cent of voters had chosen to leave Spain, but Madrid disregarded the result after declaring the referendum illegal and repeatedly vetoing independence.

How is the Kurdish independence referendum different from Catalonia’s ...

While living thousands of miles apart, separatist Kurds and Catalans in many ways share the same struggle. The Kurdistan regional government has convened a referendum calling for independence from ...

The Spanish Court Decision That Sparked Catalan Vote - The Atlantic

October 1, 2017. In 2010 Spain’s Constitutional Court issued a landmark ruling that inadvertently laid the ground for Sunday’s independence referendum in Catalonia.

Catalan referendum: Catalonia has 'won right to statehood' - BBC

Catalan leader Carles Puigdemont says the Spanish region has won the right to statehood following a contentious referendum that was marred by violence. He said the door was open to a unilateral ...

Catalonia responds to police violence: 'people are angry, very angry ...

But on Sunday night, hours after the Spanish police’s attempts to halt the Catalan independence referendum exploded into violence, the hotel became another frontline in the skirmishes between ...

Catalonia independence referendum: All you need to know

A number of pro-union Catalans are expected to boycott the vote, on the grounds that the referendum is illegal. Lluis Orriols Galve, a professor of politics at the Carlos III University of Madrid ...

Crisis in Catalonia: The Independence Vote and Its Fallout

Catalans voted in a referendum that had been declared illegal by the government in Madrid, with the support of Spain’s judiciary, but that fulfilled a pledge by the coalition of separatist...

As Spain represses Catalonia’s show of independence, the rest of Europe ...

In March 2017, former Catalan leader Artur Mas was banned from holding public office after being found guilty of disobeying the Constitutional Court by holding a symbolic referendum in 2014. Such ...

Catalan referendum: How many people were really injured during the ...

Catalan health department. There is no doubt that there were injuries as a result of the National Police and the Civil Guard’s actions. The pictures prove it. But according to Doctors Without Borders, which cites international humanitarian law, the injured are “people in uniform or civilians who need medical attention because they are suffering from trauma, illness, or other physical or ...

Catalonia independence: Rajoy dissolves Catalan parliament - BBC

There is some sympathy for the Catalan cause, mostly because of the police crackdown during the referendum. But far louder are calls to prosecute those pushing for independence. It's a move which ...

In Catalonia, an ‘Accidental’ Leader of Unwavering Conviction

Now, as Catalonia attempts to hold an independence referendum on Sunday, Mr. Puigdemont, 54, sits at the heart of a constitutional crisis for Spain, an insurgent in the eyes of Madrid.

Barcelona attacks: What could they mean for Catalan independence?

BBC News, Barcelona. Ten years ago this month, a foreign news event occurred that ultimately had a major impact on relations between Catalonia and the rest of Spain. The credit crunch, which began ...

Catalonia’s independence referendum: how the ... - The Conversation

Supporters of Catalan independence were angry, frustrated and demanded recognition, but their cause was also a vehicle of protest against a Spanish government perceived as using the crisis to ...

Spain’s Flawed Response to the Catalonian Referendum

October 3, 2017. Spanish Civil Guard officers removing demonstrators outside a polling station in Barcelona, Spain, October 2017. Susana Vera / REUTERS. Madrid responded to this weekend’s referendum on Catalan independence by sending in thousands of police, who beat up voters and shot nonviolent activists with rubber bullets.

Constitutional crisis in Spain over Catalan independence referendum ...

This latest manifestation of the long-standing dispute over the place – if any – of Catalonia in Spain began last week when the Catalan parliament voted by 72 to 52 with 11 abstentions to call a binding referendum on Oct. 1 to decide whether Catalonia should become “an independent state in the form of a republic.”.

In pictures: The art of Catalan protests – POLITICO

Pro-independence organizations called for demonstrations in five Catalan cities: Barcelona, Berga, Lleida, Salt and Tarragona, with protesters carrying banners that resembled fried eggs — and that served to keep out the sun. Seeking international attention, independence supporters have become experts in picture-perfect marches.

Spain to deploy police to prevent Catalan independence vote

Spain’s constitutional court has suspended the legislation underpinning the referendum while it rules on its legality. A spokesman for the Spanish government’s Catalan delegation said on ...

Catalonia’s Independence Vote Descends Into Chaos and Clashes

By Raphael Minder and Ellen Barry. BARCELONA, Spain — Catalonia’s defiant attempt to stage an independence referendum descended into chaos on Sunday, with hundreds injured in clashes with ...

The Increasingly Tense Standoff Over Catalonia’s Independence Referendum

Jon Lee Anderson on Spain and the independence movement in Catalonia, where a referendum sparked police violence and a war of words between Spain’s Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy and Catalonia’s ...

The myth of massive support for independence in Catalonia

Last week, Catalonia held a controversial referendum on whether it should secede from Spain. The vote was accompanied by a heavy-handed police crackdown that may have prevented some Catalans from ...

Comparing Scotland and Catalonia's bid for independence

Around 45 per cent of Catalans and Scots support independence. And both nations see demands to hold independence referendums – in Catalonia they have been running strong since 2012 and there is wide support (80 per cent) for a referendum, assuming the Spanish government agrees to it. The new referendum has been called for October 1, amidst ...

Catalonia Separatism Revives Spanish Nationalism (Published 2017)

Whether this wave of nationalism will awaken old demons in Spain is an open question, and one that has suddenly become more urgent with Catalonia’s push for independence. Equally dangerous, in ...

Spain: Police Used Excessive Force in Catalonia

Spanish police engaged in excessive force when confronting demonstrators in Catalonia during a disputed referendum, using batons to hit non-threatening protesters and causing multiple injuries ...

After the Kurdish Independence Referendum | Foreign Affairs

A boy riding a bicycle with the flag of Kurdistan in Tuz Khurmato, Iraq, September 2017. In the face of enormous opposition, on Monday Iraqi Kurdistan went ahead with a referendum on independence. Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States were among the major international powers that urged the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) to ...